Lead dioxide is an important corrosion product that may form on the inner surface of lead pipes. Understanding its formation, dissolution, and interaction with co-existing cations can help develop more efficient lead control strategy. 
NSF/ANSI 53 certified point-of-use (POU) devices can remove lead and other contaminants from tap water. The contaminants accumulated in the POU devices may be completely extracted for exposure quantification. However, some conditions may lead to POU devices’ underperformance in contaminants removal. 
Water resources contamination has a worldwide impact and is a global concern. Nanotechnology may support effective strategies for the treatment, use, and reuse of water and the development of next-generation water supply systems.